An
impending cultural and agrarian crisis in Uttar Pradesh
A
Journey of Ganga from Hardwar to Varanasi
Vidya Bhushan Rawat
Hardwar
to Garhmukteshwar
After
the Himalayas, Ganga descend to Rishikesh followed by Hardwar which is an
extremely important pilgrim town of Uttarakhand state. It is called city of
Lord Shiva and host Kumbha fair once in 12 years in which millions of devotees
participate and take a holy dip into the river. The Ghats are ‘Har ki Pairi
look stunning and magnificent. About
twenty kilometres from this place, Ganga, at the place called Balawali, enters
Uttar Pradesh.
First
railway bridge on Ganga was built here by the British. The 961 meter long
bridge was constructed in 1888 at the cost of Rs 27 lakh 94 thousand rupees[1]
linking Laksar to Najibabad, a railway junction in district Bijnaur. Balawali is a small village near Laksar town of Hardwar
district. The crisis of Ganga start from Hardwar itself where water is diverted
to Upper and Lower Ganga canal through Bhimgoda Barrage. The original river
which move ahead has lesser water than these canals. The diversion of water to
‘ Har ki Pairi’ ensure heavy flow to respect the religious sentiments of the
people. The barrage was originally conceived by the British for the purpose of
irrigation through Upper Ganga Canal as well as to control flooding, between
1840-1854 but finally completed in 1983.
Ganga at Garhmukteshwar, Hapur
Though
Hardwar is part of Uttarakhand state, it is also the ‘door’ of Ganga for the
plains of Northern as well as Eastern India. The original river with much
reduced water is a pale shadow of the powerful river we see either in Rishikesh
or at Har ki Pairi. Rishikesh has become favourite destination for the rafters
but the dark fact is water in Ganga is not natural and solely depend on the
Tehri dam. At the Lakshman Jhula, the famous suspension bridge is closed as it
is undergoing through maintenance work. Once you go to river bank, you find the
sudden disappearance of sandy beach which was the hallmark of beautiful banks
of river Ganga. Instead, you find Himalayan concrete, stones and big boulders.
And the similar situation remain till Ganga crosses the famous Chandighat
bridge linking Hardwar with Najibabad by road link. It is also the beginning of the Gangetic plains which
used to be extremely fertile once upon a time but today we see vast fertile
land turning into desert. At about 45 kilometers from Najibabad town is the
famous barrage on Ganga in the Bijnor district.
‘Water
quality in mountainous stretch Ganga is very good, with high DO levels Avg.
8.17∓0.4,
low EC, TDS and TOC, indicating no significant contamination pollution. When
Ganga enters in Uttar Pradesh the first station is Bijnor before this many
small rivers and the sub-basins are merge in Ganga. The STPs reduce 61–93 %
organic loadings and half of trace contaminants present in the sewage
(CPCB-2009). Domestic sewage is the major contributor of pollution in this
stretch. The water quality in the stretch is affected from the Rishikesh
(Uttarakhand) by domestic, industrial organic and inorganic west and
agricultural runoff.’’[2]
The same paper actually suggest that water get cleaned due to floods in
monsoon.
The
bridge on barrage on Ganga near Mirapur-Bijnor eased the journey from Najibabad
to Delhi particularly for those who were coming from Uttarakhand’s Garhwal
region came into operation
in 1984. Bijnor see numerous rivers flowing such as Ramganga, Kho and others.
There is a big dam on Ramganga river at a place called Kalagarh but a dark
reality is that various dams and barrages are just killing the soul of river
Ganga. Unfortunately, the growing ‘artificiality’ of controlling water on
various rivers reflect an increasing pattern of addressing the religious
‘sentiments’ and encouraging ‘’tourism’ around these places hence flow of water
depend on whether there is some specific period or not. The bridge over barrage
basically is the border line between Bijnor and Mujjaffarnaar district. There
are plans so start boating and other water sports here in the barrage but the
water level in the river reduces drastically. The only time the Ganga look as a
river is in monsoon when these barrages are unable to keep the water and the
powerful water change its embankment and bring huge amount of sediments.
Interestingly, the Gangetic embankment in Hardwar and Rishikesh are full of stones
and sediment everywhere as the size of the river reduces drastically. One of
the locals explained it to me in Kanpur recently during my Ganga yatra that
when the river has enough water it moves fast on its direction but as the water
level reduces the size of the river grows extraordinarily. During the monsoon,
water enter into the lower areas flooding everywhere and when the monsoon is
over and water recedes it create numerous islands, splitting the river most of
the time and changing embankment.
A travel from Bijnor to Balawali and Laksar shows how the
entire Ganga belt is suffering in extreme heat with polluted air filled with
dust and other particles. From Bijnor, the next important places on the bank of
the river is Garhmukteshwar which is part of Hapur district. Garh, as it is
popularly known as, is hugely popular
pilgrim centre after Hardwar and thousands of people come here to take a dip in
the river Ganga on Ganga Dushara day. There is a huge railway bridge over the
river apart from the National Highway 8 linking Delhi to Lucknow via Moradabad,
Bareilly and Sitapur. There is a temple on the bank of Ganga and bathing ghats.
Hundreds of boats waiting for customers. The water level has reduced
drastically, says a boatman. Sir, we have lesser customer these days. A boat
ride gives us the idea of the crisis as we pass underneath the highway bridge
and then move to the other side where pilgrims comes for performing shraddha
and other rituals unmindful of the crisis the river is facing.
Garh falls under Hastinapur sanctuary spread over five
districts of Bijnor, Mujaffarnagar, Meerut, Hapur and Amroha. 2073 square kilometre
sanctuary is now reduced to 1095 square kilometer as vast land was needed for
railways and national highway projects.[3]
Ramganga-Ganga Sangam Hardoi
The next big place where Ganga is strengthened by various
tributaries is district Hardoi where Ramganga flows into it in a place called Teraghat or Terapursoli near
Sandi Shahbajpur in Tehsil Devkali. A visit to the sangam was extremely
difficult. A three hours drive from Kanpur to Kannauj and then nearly five
kilometres from the Bridge over Ganga that serves as boundary between Hardoi
and Kannauj. The irony is that there is not much understanding about Sangam and
the possible reason for the same seems to be the changing embankment of Ganga
particularly during the monsoon floods. Thousands of hectares of land get
inundated as the flooded rivers explore new areas brining enormous sediments
and therefore creating a huge agrarian crisis. Desertification of the fertile
land is the biggest challenge but seems to be ignored by the policy planners.
At the point zero there is a debate among two fisherfolks whether this is
Sangam or not because all the rivers are split and their various streams meets
at different points but from here till the big bridge, various small rivers to
get discharged at the Ganga.
At the confluence area, I see an ‘island’ working as
divider between Ganga and Ramganga with a small stream from Ganga passing into
Ramganga while the main river moving further to meet again a few hundred meters
away. Ramganga looks shockingly short of water which is around your knee.
Initially, I thought of asking for a boat who could take us across the river
but a local farmer who had just joined in, assures me that we could just cross
over the river without any problem. I was still hesitant but with the help of
this farmer I crossed over to see the confluence. A local person said this was
the first confluence followed by second a few hundred meters away when the
entire Ramganga flows into it.
Growing desertification : Ganga-Ramganga confluence Hardoi
As I walk back to cross the river, a herd of buffaloes
walk through the river. It is scorching heat and temperature above 40 degree
Celsius, the river provide shelter to these innocent cattle. The entire fertile
land has become desert and the villagers are bringing their cattle for grazing
though there is not much grass and the animals are just moving around and
cooling in the river. A couple of
farmers are sitting and watching their cattle. One of the young farmers
accompanying me here informs me that ‘ab kheti khatm kewal reti hai’ i.e. There
is no agriculture now. It is just sand mining and it reflect the growing
reality of how farmers and fisherfolks are now depending more and more on sand
mining. In the scorching heat, you
wont even get a glass of water but thankfully the farmer got me a’tarbuz’ i.e.
watermelon and a musk melon from his land nearby.
‘Desertification of arable land is the biggest challenge
that Gangetic plains are witnessing. ‘As per the Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India, prepared by
the Space Applications Centre for the period 2011-2013, 96.4 million hectares i.e. 29.32% of the Total
Geographical Area of the country is undergoing the process of
desertification/land degradation. Approximately 6.35% of land in Uttar Pradesh is
undergoing desertification/degradation.’[4]
Uttar Pradesh’s Lakhimpur Khir, Sitapur, Bahraich,
Barabanki, Ayodhya, Gonda, Basti, Azamgarh, Deoria, Balia, Gorakhpur districts
face huge crisis of desertification. Every year, these districts suffer a lot
because of huge flood in various rivers including Ganga, Ghaghara, Sarda, Rapti
rivers which bring enormous silt and change their embankment.
Around seven small rivers including Ramganga merge into
Ganga at Hardoi-Kannoj border but a look from the motor bridge show the water
level is reduced and river split at different places with increasing sand beds
on both the sides. Many tiny islands’ have been created due to this. Kannauj is
around 10 kilometer from this bridge, a historical city of Harshvardhana period
and later Jaichand was the most outstanding ruler of Kannauj but distortion of
history ensured that the legacies of the great king are erased forgotten by the
locals though when I asked a farmer on the Sangam area, who happened to be a
Rajput, informed me that his community never considered kin Jaichand a villain
and they remember him with great respect. Unfortunately, there are no signs of
any memorial or historical places in his memory or that of Harshvardhana. There
are however several Dargahs and mosques of 13th-14th
centuries, during the period of Shahjahan.
The crisis at Kanpur
Kanpur Kannauj National Highway has reduced the time
distance and linked these cities closely. At about 70 kilometers distance is a
pilgrim town Bithoor. It is also a historical town related to 1857 war of
independence. A memorial has been built here as a homage to Nana Saheb Peshwa
s/o Bajirao Peshwa II, who made this place is headquarter. There are numerous
ancient temples and ashrams here. For people of Kanpur, Bithoor is becoming a
tourist spot and the reason for this is beautiful location on the right side of
Ganga which look stunningly beautiful here. Unlike Kanpur, the Ganges look a
complete river here and people come here for boating. The ghats too are
relatively clean here. The reason for the water level better here is the
barrage which is built on Ganga and control water for Kanpur city is just five
kilometer from here. Immediately after the barrage, Atal Ghat is now the most
sought after ‘picnic’ space at the Kanpur city. The project was developed under
the Namami Gange schemes of the government of India and is relatively clean.
Slogans are written on the board like ‘don’t throw garbage in Ganga’ or
Watching Ganga itself is like bathing in it. The Ganga view here is beautiful
and cross the river is Unnao district. Actually, Ganga forms the boundary
between Kanpur and Unnao districts. About 50 meters adjacent to Attal Park is
the infamous Permiya Nullah (Permiya drainage) flowing into the Ganga which is
shocking as this ghat is developed beautifully and lots of slogans related to
Gana cleanliness are written all over. Namami Gange project was publicised
highly yet the Ganga water remain not only unfit for drinking but even for
bathing. Water is contaminated and even the Central Pollution Control Board,
Kanpur could not find fish in the river. Ganga water has dried up and frankly
it is the sewage water which is flowing uncontrolled in the river. There are
several important ghats and ‘drainage’ that flows into Ganga. Ranighat nullah,
Seesamau Nullah near Bhaironghat, Guptarghat Nullah near Bhagwat Ghat. Most of
these ghats are basically cremation ghats where all the filth, garbage is
thrown in the river Ganga.
At Bhaironghat, I walked into the crematorium and then at
the Ganges where river bank is simply flooded with thrown away items, flowers
and other items for performing rituals. The water is definitely not worth
touching but ‘holy’ ‘devotees’ still go and sprinkle the water over them. A
couple of Boats used by the local fishing communities can be seen in the river.
‘Namami Gange’ is ‘loudly’ written all around. Just below it a huge cemented
structure is visible which look like a gigantic river conflating with Ganga. It
is Seesamau Nullah which was draining into the holy river. Sadly, a few years
back, the story of this Nullah being closed and Ganga water being pollution
free in Kanpur, was celebrated in various channel. ‘Now, it is reported that
between May 25th till May 30th, about 40 crore liters of untreated sewage
discharged into Gana at Seesamau drainage alone. A report in Hindi daily
Hindustan informs that the Jal Nigam in Kanpur has imposed a fine of Rs 17
crore on Kanpur River Management Ltd. for its failure to control sewage
drainage flowing into river Ganga. An FIR has also been registered against the
company in the Gwal Toli police station.’[5] It is
sad that the crisis in the Ganges is aggravating despite spending crores of
rupees in the name of ‘Save Ganga’ or ‘Clean Ganga’ operations,
Kanpur is the biggest city of Uttar Pradesh and is home
to over ‘402 listed tanneries though only 215 small and big are operational now.’[6]
Unfortunately, the leather industry has lost in Kanpur not because of the
‘stringent’ environmental laws but ‘unavailability’ of raw material due to
strict anti-cow slaughter laws. The sad part is that Kanpur’s industrial losses
have not really helped resolve the crisis that Ganga is facing in the city.
The Ganga look dried as big islands are created and river
split at many places with absolutely dirty embankment where not merely sewage
drainage are discharging but other filthy stuff, rotten flowers and other items
meant for performing various rituals. The historic railway bridge on Ganges
between Kanpur and Unnao on Delhi-Kanpur-Lucknow line actually started on July
15th,1875. The drains and sewage system continue to pollute the holy
river. Many reports and studies have red
flagged the contamination of the Ganga water.
‘’The investigation conducted by the CPCB, led
by Ajit Vidyarthi, Director and Department Head of Water Quality Management,
spanned over three sampling dates - July 10, July 24, and August 22. The report
reveals that a significant portion of the Ganga, stretching from Bithoor to
Fatehpur in Kanpur, is now severely polluted, raising grave concerns among the
residents and environmentalists.’’
Ganga and Yamuna at Fatehpur
[7]Interestingly, the river Ganga move towards Fatehpur, a
very historic town represented by former prime minister V P Singh in 1989. A
rural dominated constituency, Fatehpur has the distinction of both Ganga and
Yamuna passing through it apart from Prayagraj where both the rivers reach and
conflate after leaving Fatehpur. Other interesting point is that Ganga forms
boundary of Unnao and Fatehpur too.
Bhitaura is located at about 15 kilometers from Fatehpur
where river Ganga pass through. Across the river is district Unnao and
Raibareilley is a few kilometers away on the same route. Bhitaura is
mythologically an important place and number of pilgrims come here to take a
dip in the river. Bhitaura is related to sage Bhrigu and a few ancient temples
and ashrams are located nearby. At the Om ghat a number of pilgrims and
tourists visit here and take a dip in the river. This area is also considered
to be home of Dolphins too. Forest
department has taken up the initiative in this regard to promote eco-tourism
though we could not site any dolphin when visited the place. However, till a
years ago siting Dolphin was a frequent thing which even researchers admitted.
“
‘Nearly 35 km of stretch from
Bhitora in Fatehpur has emerged as the region's most congenial habitat for
endangered Gangetic dolphins. The first ever headcount
operation through sonar monitoring systems and camera-fitted balloons of the
aquatic animals conducted recently, has come out with sighting of 19 dolphins.’
[8]
Though the Ganga ghats were relatively clean in Fatehpur,
the district real crisis is with river Yamuna which suffer from heavy sand
mining at the Chilla border which link Fatehpur to Banda. The roads are bumpy
and risky due to heavy trucks carrying sand from the river bed. The air is
polluted with sand particles being part of it.
The mega sangam at Prayagraj
Ganga looks enchanting when it has water and evening sun
set time provide you stunning view of the river. It now move towards Prayagraj
for the mega confluence with Yamuna at the historic ‘Sangam’ which is called
‘Triveni’ as apart from Ganga and Yamuna, the mythological legend is that river
Saraswati too merge here. Thousands of devotees from different parts of the
country visit this place, perform various religious rituals and take a dip at
Triveni. Prayagraj, popularly known as Allahabad host Kumbha fair every 12
year. Allahabad was one of the most important center of India’s freedom
movement and was the political constituency of our first prime minister Pandit
Jawahar Lal Nehru and later Mr V P Singh. Allahabad’s famous fort built by
Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1583 at the Sangam by the side of Yamuna.
While the faith in religious rituals has grown
tremendously but the consciousness regarding protecting our rivers and
environment is still revolved around empty slogans. It is good to see urban
landscape is being planned in the form of parks and green corridors at many
places yet focus on too much of ‘cemented and concrete structure need to be
discouraged and environment friendly traditional methods need to be promoted.
The water level in the city is reducing dangerously.
‘A state government report states that water consumption in
urban and rural sectors is about 1.4 million acre feet (maf) and 2.1 (maf)
respectively. The projected requirements are about 2.6 maf and 3.7 maf for the
urban and rural population. The ground water level is receding. Jal Sansthan is
supplying 210 million litre per day (mld), while there is a requirement of 300
mld water. The first strata of underground water level has almost disappeared,
while the second layer which controls the ground is being bored for
installation of hand pumps. Around 50 multi-stories buildings and complexes
have been constructed in the heart of the city in the past five years. But no
buildings have provisions of recharging the ground water.’[9] Nearly, twenty year after
this, we are still struggling for safe drinking water in the holy river though
the Uttar Pradesh pollution Control Board report in Jaunary 2023 suggest that ‘water
at Sangam is not worth drinking yet it is absolutely fit for bath’[10].
The fact is that if you roam around
Sangam area during winter, a lawyer of white fog covers the entire area which
has become heavily polluted due to various reasons including sand on the river bed as well as heavy vehicular
pollution. The surroundings of Sangam area have spread due to monsoon floods
but it has now become a huge ‘maidan’ for organizing the Kumbha fair.
Unfortunately, the focus is more on organizing religious events and not really
to ensure that the river is free from contamination.
One of the major reasons for Sangam water better than Kanpur is water that Yamuna river carry along with it. As we have seen Yamuna from Delhi till Etawah in Uttar Pradesh after passing through twin cities of Mathura and Agra, remain highly polluted river because of continuous discharge of untreated sewage and Industrial wastes into it. At Etawah, Yamuna meet Chambal river which is perhaps two time bigger than it and a beautiful river cleans Yamuna water. Two more rivers Ken and Betwa at Hamirpur and Banda further enhance the water quality as well as quantity at the Yamuna. By the time, Yamuna reach Prayagraj, it is much bigger and unpolluted than Ganga. Yamuna’s journey ends at Prayag but it gives Ganga, the water to maintain her aura and spirituality.
Towards Varanasi
The onward journey of Ganga after Yamuna
merge into it is equally fascinating. It is basically a journey where spiritual
pilgrims can satisfy themselves. At about 50 kilometers is Sita Samahita Sthal
on the bank of Ganges and the legend is that Mother Sita gave birth to her two
sons Lav and Kush at the Maharshi Valmiki Ashram. There is a temple devoted to
Lord Shiva here. Ganga is cool and calm here. About 20 kilometers from here is
the famous Manda Fort, home of former Prime Minister VP Singh who belonged to
Gaharwar Rajput clan. At nearly 30 kilometers away is Vindhyachal in district
Mirzapur. Thousands of devotees visit Vindhyachal to seek blessings from Maa
Vindhyavasini, one of the Shaktipeeth’s in India. There are several important
religious places here and Ganga water is relatively clean.
Another important place on the bank of
Ganga is the historic fort at Chunar which provide a stunning view of the holy
river. The river then moves further and look beautiful in moonlight at many
locations. Varanasi is an ancient city and millions of pilgrims and tourists
visit here every year to visit numerous temples including Kashi Viswanath as
well as watch the arti at the Ganges. Two rivers Varuna and Assi dries into
Ganga in Varanasi. Though the water at Varanasi is still contaminated and not
worth drinking, it is fact that it magnifies the spiritual beauty of Kashi. A
walk on the Ghats in the morning is a treat if one is able to be there before
the sun rise. On any sunny day, the atmosphere around these ghats satisfy our
mental wellness. There are lots of cultural activities around it. The sadhus,
spiritualists, musicians, devotees, all throng the ghats in the morning. Faith
is much more powerful than reasoning and hence people are not only ready to
take a dip but also sip a few drips.
The Maha Arati at the night remain a
powerful instrument where people link themselves with the Lord of the Lords,
Lord Shiva. Varanasi is the city of Lord Shiva and hence a trip around various
ghats give you different notions about life and death. It is an amazing feeling
once you are witnessing the entire process particularly when you pass through
the Harishchandra Ghat and Dashashmegh ghat where funeral pyres burnt all
through day and night. A few moments near it and one can understand the whole
process of life, death and meaning of life.
While the ghats are lively in Varanasi
yet the water is reduced and the quality remain questionable. A study conducted
by
‘The findings of
the present study revealed that the concentration of physicochemical parameters
in the water of the River Ganga was higher downstream than it was upstream,
indicating that River Ganga at Varanasi is negatively impacted by activities
such as discharge of domestic sewage, open drain, and agricultural and
industrial effluents because of extensive urbanization. The water quality of
Ganga was degraded to the level that it was unsafe for bathing. [11]The Ganga River in Varanasi
is severely polluted because of the discharge of polluted water through various
sources, resulting in poor water quality that is unsuitable for human
consumption, including drinking and bathing at most of the ghats’.
The boatman who
took me to various ghats was never amused by my points of pollution in the
river. ‘Ganga maiya ka paani kabhi kharab nahi hota’, and he just put one hand
into the river and took the water chanting
‘Ganga maiyaa ki jai’.
Varanasi has been
an abode of diverse ideologies living together. It is considered to be city of
Lord Shiva. The Brahmanical rituals and value system flourished here. Various
saints came here to liberate themselves. Interestingly, Saint Raidas who
challenged superstition and caste-based hierarchy, was born in Kashi. Raidas
spoke of Begumpura, a truly socialist society based on equality of human being.
‘man changa to kathauti me Ganga’ which roughly translate as if your heart is clean
and good then you can see Ganga in a bucket.’ Another legend from Kashi is
Saint Kabir who challenged the superstition and culture of caste system. When
people would come to Varanasi at the fag end of their lives, Kabir actually
broke that myth and went to Magahar where dying was considered a sin. Varanasi is also known to the world over for its great Buddhist
heritage. ‘Sarnath is revered as the place where the Buddha
delivered his first sermon, known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, after
attaining enlightenment. It's one of the four most sacred Buddhist
pilgrimage sites in the world.’[12] Thousands of Buddhists as
well as those who are influenced by the Buddhist philosophy, travel to Sarnath
to see the beautiful stupa and historical site.
About 30
kilometer away from Varanasi city towards Ghazipur, river Gomti merges into
Ganga at a village named Kaithi where an ancient temple dedicated to Lord
Shiva, known as Markandeya Mahadev Mandir is situated on the confluence of
these holy rivers. It’s a beautiful site and hundreds of birds can be seen here
particularly during the winters. This place has also become a tourist hub for
Dolphin watchers. ‘“As per a survey by the Wildlife
Institute of India (WII), there were 21 dolphins in Ganga stretch of Varanasi.
Now, as per an assessment, dolphins have increased at the Ganga-Gomti
confluence point and there should be 35 to 39 dolphins here at present.”[13]
Ganga continues to move ahead embracing
all the smaller or bigger rivers in it and giving people life. After Varanasi,
Ganga passes through Ghazipur and Balia district of Uttar Pradesh and make its
entry in Bihar through district Buxar.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawali
[2] Hydrobiological characteristics of Ganga River at Barrage Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India Gajendra Kumar1, Shoma Devi2 and Sunil Kumar3,* 1Department of Chemistry, FoE, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh), India 2Department of Zoology, Krishna College of Science and IT, Bijnor (Uttar Pradesh), India 3Department of Zoology, DAV (P.G.) College, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India
[3] Hindustan : Garhmukteswar me National Highway 9, Railwaymarg
sanctuary kshetr se bahar, May 27th, 2024, https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/story-national-highway-9-railway-outside-sanctuary-area-in-garhmukteshwar-10091479.html
[4] Conversion
of Barren Land into Arable Land, Press Information Bureau, March 20th,
2020 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1607339#:~:text=Approximately%206.35%25%20of%20land%20in,Pradesh%20is%20undergoing%20desertification%2Fdegradation.
[5] An investigative
report published in Hindi daily ‘Hindustan’ on May 31st, 2024 under
title ‘, 17 crore jurmane ke baad bhi gir rahaa seesamau nala (Even after
imposition of 17 crore rupees penalty, the seesamau sewage continue to drain in
the river Ganga’.
[6] Death of an Industry :
Why are tanners looking byond Kanpur, by Haider Naqvi, The Hindustan Ttimes
July 18,2023,
https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/famed-leather-industry-in-kanpur-faces-biggest-slump-tanners-moving-to-west-bengal-and-bangladesh-to-stay-afloat-101689616346558.html
[7] Kanpur: Ganga river faces severe contamination,
The Millennium Post, November 1, 2023
https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/kanpur-ganga-river-faces-severe-contamination-538777
[8] Census sights 19 dolphins on
Ganga Stretch in Fatehpur, by Faiz
Siddiqui, Times of India, December 14th, 2016
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/census-sights-19-dolphins-on-ganga-stretch-in-fatehpur/articleshow/55968381.cms#:~:text=%E2%80%9CNearly%2035%20km%20of%20stretch,with%20sighting%20of%2019%20dolphins.
[9] Allahabad : Shortage at Sangam , a report by PTI and
HT, June 24, 2003, The Hindustan Times https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/allahabad-shortage-at-sangam/story-0HQCbE70XMKh2B0lW0xcYI.html
[10] Ganga water fit for bathing only in Prayagraj : UPPCB, Times of
India, March 15th, 2023
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/ganga-water-fit-for-bathing-only-in-prayagraj-uppcb/articleshow/98646242.cms
[11] Assessing
the water quality of River Ganga in Varanasi, India, through WQI, NPI, and
multivariate techniques: a comprehensive study by Gurudutta Singh, Supriya
Chaudhary, Deepak Gupta, Virendra Mishra, Institute for Environment and
Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378476312_Assessing_the_water_quality_of_River_Ganga_in_Varanasi_India_through_WQI_NPI_and_multivariate_techniques_a_comprehensive_study
[12] https://www.irctcbuddhisttrain.com/sarnath-buddha-temple#:~:text=Sarnath%20is%20revered%20as%20the,pilgrimage%20sites%20in%20the%20world.
[13] Dolphins thrive at Ganga Gomti confluence in Varanasi, The
Hindustan Times, January 18, 2022
https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/dolphins-thrive-at-ganga-gomti-confluence-in-varanasi-101642446221944.html
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